Kerb Stone

Road kerbs serve a number of purposes:

retaining the carriageway edge to prevent "spreading" and loss of structural integrity;
acting as a barrier or demarcation between road traffic and pedestrians or verges;
providing physical "check" to prevent vehicles leaving the carriageway;
forming a channel along which surface water can be drained;

There are many different types of road kerbs. 50 years ago, natural stone, such as granite, was the most popular, but these have now been supplanted by pre-cast concrete. In restricted areas experiencing exceptionally heavy traffic, such as town or city centres, steel kerbs have been used to cope with the constant over-running of vehicles, and on our motorways and dual carriagways, extruded kerb lines are commonly used.

Extruded kerbs

This form of kerb eding is normally only found on large road schemes, such as motorways and dual carriageways. The kerb is formed from concrete or asphalt and is produced by machine, usually as an adjunct to the surfacing work. They are more common on the long straight, monotonous roads and highways.

Extruded concrete kerbs are usually formed by the use of specially shaped plates fitted to a Slip-Form Paver machine which then creates the kerb as it progresses along the carriageway. Extruded asphalt kerbs are commonly formed in a special extruding machine and are bonded to the existing asphalt surface.

Adjustments to line and level of extruded kerbs is a bit of a chore, and for that reason, they tend to be used primarily on long, straight, unbroken runs, rather than the twisting, winding, up-hill-and-down-dale roads.

Recently, a smaller version of the kerb-extruding machine has been developed and decorative extruded kerbs for private driveways and landscaping projects have become possible. The system is operated as a franchise.

Natural Stone

Natural stone is very durable, but is also expensive. Granite is a popular choice, but whinstone, gabbro, basalt and sandstone may also be used. While the stone kerbs are dressed to a standard profile and finish, they come in random lengths, up to 2 metres or so. Older kerbs, some having provided well over 100 years of service, may not match a standard profile and consequently repairing or replacing these units can be a problem for Highways Authorities.

Pre-cast Concrete

Pre-cast concrete units are now the most popular choice for kerbing. Hydraulically-pressed kerbs are strong, durable, cheap and can be manufactured to strict tolerances (BS 7263). There are some special shapes, notably quadrants and some droppers, that are still manufactured from vibrated concrete, although this material isn"t as strong as a pressed concrete.

Standard kerbs have a pimpled finish and come in a fetching shade of concrete grey. More decorative (and therefore more expensive) kerbs are becoming popular on prestige, with features such as exposed aggregates and textured finishes.

There are 4 basic profiles to the most common, pcc road kerbs:

Half-battered
Bull-nosed
Splayed
Square

Traditionally, most straight kerbs are 915mm in length (a hangover from the pre-metric days), although some of the kerb-units developed to match block-paving are only 100mm or 200mm long. Radius kerbs, ie those designed to form curves of less than 10m radius, are shorter than the equivalent straight units and the most modern ranges, those complying with BS 7263: Part 3: 2001, are being manufactured as 780mm in length.

All kerbs, other than those with a square profile, have what is known as a "watermark" or a "waterline". This is a line on the face above which surfacing (and therefore surface water) is not normally expected to extend. In many cases, the surfacing level is kept 25mm or more below the watermark.

The watermark is not a physical mark but generally coincides with a change in angle of the kerb face.

The most commonly used pcc road kerbs are the half-battered profile. These provide an element of check sufficient to warn motorists that they are dangerously close to the edge of the carriageway, while the "sloping back" profile enables road rollers to operate right up to the edge of the pavement without scratching or damaging the kerb face when the surfacing is laid. They are normally used where a footpath is provided adjacent to the carriageway.

Splayed profile kerbs are used in those situations where a vehicle may need to "bump up" onto a verge in an emergency. For safety reasons, these are not used when a footpath is present.

Where a crossing is required, normally for access to a private driveway, access point or pedestrian crossing, a bull-nosed or chamfered kerb is used. While the bull-nose kerb shown opposite is a British Standard kerb, the chamfered unit (in violet) is NOT and can only be obtained via certain manufacturers. The consent of the Local Authority Highways Department is required to use non-BS kerbs on punlic highways.

The pcc kerbs illustrated on this page are manufactured to prescribed sizes. The larger kerbs are approx. 125x255mm or 155x305mm, while the smaller units, are approx 125x155mm or 150x150mm. These smaller kerbs are typically used as "crossing kerbs", on housing estate cul-de-sacs where no footpath is present, or in situations where a full-depth kerb would not be feasible, such as on a bridge deck.

Transition kerbs, or "droppers" as they are sometimes called, are used to link two differing kerb profiles.

Special Kerbs

Other kerbs seen on the highways of the nation include..

Side Offlet Kerbs, sometimes known as Weir Kerbs, for use with behind-kerb drainage systems. Not often used nowadays, but were quite popular 25 years ago. They often have a cast iron or steel grille or facing to keep the worst of the street litter out of the sewers.

High Containment Kerb, such as the Trief or Titan kerbs. These are used to prevent traffic leaving the carriageway and are often used to protect vulnerable footpaths or sensitive roadside equipment, such as fuel pumps at filling stations, pedestrian islands, dangerous curves, etc.

These are BIG kerbs, measuring around 450mm in height and weighing almost a quarter of a tonne.

Bus Stop kerbs - a relatively new development designed to ease access of passengers using public transport. The height of the kerb is variable to suit local buses and there imay be some tactile feature within the channel to help the bus driver align the vehicle correctly to minimise the gap between kerb and vehicle entramnce, without rubbing the tyres against the face of the kerb.

This type of kerb is expected to become more common as public transport systems in our towns and cities are expanded and enhanced with the increased usage of trams and other LRT systems over the coming years.

Beany Blocks - Combined kerb and Drainage systems. Marshalls manufacture this combined kerb and drainage unit named the Beany Block, after its inventor, Neil Beanland, formerly of West Yorkshire County Council Highway Engineering Department.

Textured and Decorative Kerbs

As mentioned earlier, this type of kerb is becoming increasingly popular on prestige projects and the burgeoning "Heritage" Schemes that seem to be taking off in almost every town in the land.

There are several different types. Some are simply textured or exposed aggregate versions of the standard kerbs depicted above, while others are specially sized to offer better design possibilities, such as the 250mm wide units shown opposite.

There is a good range of radius units, quadrants, droppers/transitions to complement the straight units, and they can be used to create steps or other decorative features within a hard-landscape.

Block Paving Kerbs

With the phenomenol growth in the use of block paving as a paving over the last decade or so, decorative small unit kerbs that complement the scale, textures and colour schemes of block paving have been developed. While some of these units are specifically developed for private driveways and the like, there are several units that are, in effect, short versions of the standard road kerb profiles, notably the half-battered, the bull-nosed and the chamfered forms.

Although these units are not normally used on main or arterial roads, they are popular on the cul-de-sacs and feeder roads of modern residential estates.

Where a curve or change in fall requires a joint to be left slightly open, it should be pointed with a 3:1 mortar, as described on the Mortars & Concretes page. The smaller, block paving kerb-units look tidier when pointed with a mortar of a complementary colour, with a 10-12mm joint between adjacent units. This is particularly true on slow curves where radius units are not used, but also on straight runs.

The block-paving kerb units are also very useful for constructing steps or terracing, as they provide a neat and tidy solution to forming vertical faces.

Channels

Channel kerbs were once a common sight at the edge of many roads, especially on carriageways where stone kerbs were used. They provided a "gutter" for the drainage of surface water and provided a spacer between the edge of the macadam or asphalt and the face of the kerb. As pcc kerbs gradually replaced stone kerbs, pcc channels were often used in conjunction with them, but nowadays, they are rarely specified, unless they are used to create "summits and valleys" adjacent to a relatively flat kerb line.

However, the units originally used as channel blocks still have their uses. They are often laid as a restraining edge to those carriageways where no check is required, usually access roads where surface water is shed to each side of the carriageway, or pavements where some form of drain is placed just outside the edge of the hard pavement. The 150x150mm channel blocks are perennial favourites for laying flush in this manner.

There are other channel kerbs that are more usually laid away from the edge of a pavement as an aid to drainage. These include dished or fluted channels. They can be used within footpaths or within low-speed vehicular areas, such as car parks. A larger version of the flat-bottomed dished channels are sometimes used as a combined edge restraint and drainage channel on motorways or dual carriageways.

Radius Kerbs and Channels

A "bend" in a kerb line is more correctly known as a "radius". All bends, curves and arcs are composed of one or more radiuses (or radii, if you prefer). While it is possible to create a radius by using straight kerbs, there are both road kerbs and block-paving kerb units that are specially shaped to create true, accurate curves, either internal (concave) or external (convex).

In the construction trade, a radius or arc is often described as "fast" or "slow". A fast arc has a shorter radius than a slow arc, so, for example, a 3m radius is said to be faster than a 4.5m radius, which is, in turn, faster than a 6m radius. There is no threshold beyond which all arcs are fast or slow - fast and slow are comparative, subjective terms. A 4.5m arc is slower than a 3m arc, but is faster than a 6m arc.

In general, any curve or arc of less than 12m radius in a line of road kerbs should be constructed using the nearest equivalent radius kerb. For arcs of intermediate sizes, it may be necessary to "skew" the nearest slower radius unit, creating slighty open joints at the face, which can then be pointed with a mortar. Using the next faster radius kerb may result in a "pinched" alignment, which can look awry.

The size of a radius is ALWAYS measured to the face of the kerbline, whether the radius is internal or external. This applies to channel blocks as well as kerbs.

The radial block paving kerb units are generally only used on curves of less than 2.0m radius, internal or external. The actual true radius of these units is generally somewhere in the range 0.5m to 1.0m, and may need to be alternated with standard blocks to acheive a sweet curve of radius greater than 1.0m

Quadrants and Angles

As well as the straight and radius kerbs, the manufacturers also supply units with complementary profiles specifically to form right-angles.

The drawing opposite illustrates the Internal and External angle units, and the Quadrant Block, sometimes known as a "cheese". The Quadrant Block can be cut with a power saw (and a lot of patience) to create angles of less than 90°

Quadrants are manufactured to match the usual kerb profiles and it"s easy to see why they are sometimes known as cheeses. They come is two sizes, 305mm or 455mm, with depth to suit the adjoining kerbs. Quadrants are kinder to vehicles tyres on busy car parks than external angles.

They can be used to connect orthogonal kerb lines, and to create curved planters by using radius kerbs.

Internal and external angles are available to suit the most popular kerb profiles and are extremely useful on modular layouts, such as car parks, as they provide a neat solution to the problem of tie-ing in two kerb lines, and avoid the frustration and hard work of cutting a mitred angle with a power saw.







Kerb Stone Road kerbs serve a number of purposes: retaining the carriageway edge to prevent "spreading" and loss of structural integrity; acting as a barrier or demarcation between road traffic and pedestrians or verges; providing physical "check" to prevent vehicles leaving the carriageway; forming a channel along which surface water can be drained; There are many different types of road kerbs. 50 years ago, natural stone, such as granite, was the most popular, but these have now been supplanted by pre-cast concrete. In restricted areas experiencing exceptionally heavy traffic, such as town or city centres, steel kerbs have been used to cope with the constant over-running of vehicles, and on our motorways and dual carriagways, extruded kerb lines are commonly used. Extruded kerbs This form of kerb eding is normally only found on large road schemes, such as motorways and dual carriageways. The kerb is formed from concrete or asphalt and is produced by machine, usually as an adjunct to the surfacing work. They are more common on the long straight, monotonous roads and highways. Extruded concrete kerbs are usually formed by the use of specially shaped plates fitted to a Slip-Form Paver machine which then creates the kerb as it progresses along the carriageway. Extruded asphalt kerbs are commonly formed in a special extruding machine and are bonded to the existing asphalt surface. Adjustments to line and level of extruded kerbs is a bit of a chore, and for that reason, they tend to be used primarily on long, straight, unbroken runs, rather than the twisting, winding, up-hill-and-down-dale roads. Recently, a smaller version of the kerb-extruding machine has been developed and decorative extruded kerbs for private driveways and landscaping projects have become possible. The system is operated as a franchise. Natural Stone Natural stone is very durable, but is also expensive. Granite is a popular choice, but whinstone, gabbro, basalt and sandstone may also be used. While the stone kerbs are dressed to a standard profile and finish, they come in random lengths, up to 2 metres or so. Older kerbs, some having provided well over 100 years of service, may not match a standard profile and consequently repairing or replacing these units can be a problem for Highways Authorities. Pre-cast Concrete Pre-cast concrete units are now the most popular choice for kerbing. Hydraulically-pressed kerbs are strong, durable, cheap and can be manufactured to strict tolerances (BS 7263). There are some special shapes, notably quadrants and some droppers, that are still manufactured from vibrated concrete, although this material isn"t as strong as a pressed concrete. Standard kerbs have a pimpled finish and come in a fetching shade of concrete grey. More decorative (and therefore more expensive) kerbs are becoming popular on prestige, with features such as exposed aggregates and textured finishes. There are 4 basic profiles to the most common, pcc road kerbs: Half-battered Bull-nosed Splayed Square Traditionally, most straight kerbs are 915mm in length (a hangover from the pre-metric days), although some of the kerb-units developed to match block-paving are only 100mm or 200mm long. Radius kerbs, ie those designed to form curves of less than 10m radius, are shorter than the equivalent straight units and the most modern ranges, those complying with BS 7263: Part 3: 2001, are being manufactured as 780mm in length. All kerbs, other than those with a square profile, have what is known as a "watermark" or a "waterline". This is a line on the face above which surfacing (and therefore surface water) is not normally expected to extend. In many cases, the surfacing level is kept 25mm or more below the watermark. The watermark is not a physical mark but generally coincides with a change in angle of the kerb face. The most commonly used pcc road kerbs are the half-battered profile. These provide an element of check sufficient to warn motorists that they are dangerously close to the edge of the carriageway, while the "sloping back" profile enables road rollers to operate right up to the edge of the pavement without scratching or damaging the kerb face when the surfacing is laid. They are normally used where a footpath is provided adjacent to the carriageway. Splayed profile kerbs are used in those situations where a vehicle may need to "bump up" onto a verge in an emergency. For safety reasons, these are not used when a footpath is present. Where a crossing is required, normally for access to a private driveway, access point or pedestrian crossing, a bull-nosed or chamfered kerb is used. While the bull-nose kerb shown opposite is a British Standard kerb, the chamfered unit (in violet) is NOT and can only be obtained via certain manufacturers. The consent of the Local Authority Highways Department is required to use non-BS kerbs on punlic highways. The pcc kerbs illustrated on this page are manufactured to prescribed sizes. The larger kerbs are approx. 125x255mm or 155x305mm, while the smaller units, are approx 125x155mm or 150x150mm. These smaller kerbs are typically used as "crossing kerbs", on housing estate cul-de-sacs where no footpath is present, or in situations where a full-depth kerb would not be feasible, such as on a bridge deck. Transition kerbs, or "droppers" as they are sometimes called, are used to link two differing kerb profiles. Special Kerbs Other kerbs seen on the highways of the nation include.. Side Offlet Kerbs, sometimes known as Weir Kerbs, for use with behind-kerb drainage systems. Not often used nowadays, but were quite popular 25 years ago. They often have a cast iron or steel grille or facing to keep the worst of the street litter out of the sewers. High Containment Kerb, such as the Trief or Titan kerbs. These are used to prevent traffic leaving the carriageway and are often used to protect vulnerable footpaths or sensitive roadside equipment, such as fuel pumps at filling stations, pedestrian islands, dangerous curves, etc. These are BIG kerbs, measuring around 450mm in height and weighing almost a quarter of a tonne. Bus Stop kerbs - a relatively new development designed to ease access of passengers using public transport. The height of the kerb is variable to suit local buses and there imay be some tactile feature within the channel to help the bus driver align the vehicle correctly to minimise the gap between kerb and vehicle entramnce, without rubbing the tyres against the face of the kerb. This type of kerb is expected to become more common as public transport systems in our towns and cities are expanded and enhanced with the increased usage of trams and other LRT systems over the coming years. Beany Blocks - Combined kerb and Drainage systems. Marshalls manufacture this combined kerb and drainage unit named the Beany Block, after its inventor, Neil Beanland, formerly of West Yorkshire County Council Highway Engineering Department. Textured and Decorative Kerbs As mentioned earlier, this type of kerb is becoming increasingly popular on prestige projects and the burgeoning "Heritage" Schemes that seem to be taking off in almost every town in the land. There are several different types. Some are simply textured or exposed aggregate versions of the standard kerbs depicted above, while others are specially sized to offer better design possibilities, such as the 250mm wide units shown opposite. There is a good range of radius units, quadrants, droppers/transitions to complement the straight units, and they can be used to create steps or other decorative features within a hard-landscape. Block Paving Kerbs With the phenomenol growth in the use of block paving as a paving over the last decade or so, decorative small unit kerbs that complement the scale, textures and colour schemes of block paving have been developed. While some of these units are specifically developed for private driveways and the like, there are several units that are, in effect, short versions of the standard road kerb profiles, notably the half-battered, the bull-nosed and the chamfered forms. Although these units are not normally used on main or arterial roads, they are popular on the cul-de-sacs and feeder roads of modern residential estates. Where a curve or change in fall requires a joint to be left slightly open, it should be pointed with a 3:1 mortar, as described on the Mortars & Concretes page. The smaller, block paving kerb-units look tidier when pointed with a mortar of a complementary colour, with a 10-12mm joint between adjacent units. This is particularly true on slow curves where radius units are not used, but also on straight runs. The block-paving kerb units are also very useful for constructing steps or terracing, as they provide a neat and tidy solution to forming vertical faces. Channels Channel kerbs were once a common sight at the edge of many roads, especially on carriageways where stone kerbs were used. They provided a "gutter" for the drainage of surface water and provided a spacer between the edge of the macadam or asphalt and the face of the kerb. As pcc kerbs gradually replaced stone kerbs, pcc channels were often used in conjunction with them, but nowadays, they are rarely specified, unless they are used to create "summits and valleys" adjacent to a relatively flat kerb line. However, the units originally used as channel blocks still have their uses. They are often laid as a restraining edge to those carriageways where no check is required, usually access roads where surface water is shed to each side of the carriageway, or pavements where some form of drain is placed just outside the edge of the hard pavement. The 150x150mm channel blocks are perennial favourites for laying flush in this manner. There are other channel kerbs that are more usually laid away from the edge of a pavement as an aid to drainage. These include dished or fluted channels. They can be used within footpaths or within low-speed vehicular areas, such as car parks. A larger version of the flat-bottomed dished channels are sometimes used as a combined edge restraint and drainage channel on motorways or dual carriageways. Radius Kerbs and Channels A "bend" in a kerb line is more correctly known as a "radius". All bends, curves and arcs are composed of one or more radiuses (or radii, if you prefer). While it is possible to create a radius by using straight kerbs, there are both road kerbs and block-paving kerb units that are specially shaped to create true, accurate curves, either internal (concave) or external (convex). In the construction trade, a radius or arc is often described as "fast" or "slow". A fast arc has a shorter radius than a slow arc, so, for example, a 3m radius is said to be faster than a 4.5m radius, which is, in turn, faster than a 6m radius. There is no threshold beyond which all arcs are fast or slow - fast and slow are comparative, subjective terms. A 4.5m arc is slower than a 3m arc, but is faster than a 6m arc. In general, any curve or arc of less than 12m radius in a line of road kerbs should be constructed using the nearest equivalent radius kerb. For arcs of intermediate sizes, it may be necessary to "skew" the nearest slower radius unit, creating slighty open joints at the face, which can then be pointed with a mortar. Using the next faster radius kerb may result in a "pinched" alignment, which can look awry. The size of a radius is ALWAYS measured to the face of the kerbline, whether the radius is internal or external. This applies to channel blocks as well as kerbs. The radial block paving kerb units are generally only used on curves of less than 2.0m radius, internal or external. The actual true radius of these units is generally somewhere in the range 0.5m to 1.0m, and may need to be alternated with standard blocks to acheive a sweet curve of radius greater than 1.0m Quadrants and Angles As well as the straight and radius kerbs, the manufacturers also supply units with complementary profiles specifically to form right-angles. The drawing opposite illustrates the Internal and External angle units, and the Quadrant Block, sometimes known as a "cheese". The Quadrant Block can be cut with a power saw (and a lot of patience) to create angles of less than 90° Quadrants are manufactured to match the usual kerb profiles and it"s easy to see why they are sometimes known as cheeses. They come is two sizes, 305mm or 455mm, with depth to suit the adjoining kerbs. Quadrants are kinder to vehicles tyres on busy car parks than external angles. They can be used to connect orthogonal kerb lines, and to create curved planters by using radius kerbs. Internal and external angles are available to suit the most popular kerb profiles and are extremely useful on modular layouts, such as car parks, as they provide a neat solution to the problem of tie-ing in two kerb lines, and avoid the frustration and hard work of cutting a mitred angle with a power saw.
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